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Cassius Dio
Lucius (or Claudius) Cassius Dio (; alleged to have the cognomen Cocceianus;〔Dio's name: ''L'Année épigraphique'' 1971, 430 = Κλ΄ Κάσσιος Δίων. ''Roman Military Diplomas'', Roxan, 133 = ''L. Cassius Dio''.〕〔Alain Gowing, who has edited Cassius Dio, argues that the evidence for ''Cocceianus'' is insufficient, and the ascription is a Byzantine confusion with Dio Chrysostom, whom Pliny shows to be named Cocceianus; he provides the previously unattested praenomen of ''Claudius''.〕 ''Dion Kassios Kokkeianos'', c. AD 155–235),〔(Prof. Cary's Introduction at LacusCurtius )〕〔According to some scholars, such as Millar (Millar, F., ''A study of Cassius Dio'', Oxford 1966, p. 13), he was born later, in 163/164.〕 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio, was of Greek origin, Roman consul and noted historian who wrote in Greek. Dio published a history of Rome in 80 volumes, beginning with the legendary arrival of Aeneas in Italy; the volumes then documented the subsequent founding of Rome (753 BC), the formation of the Republic (509 BC), and the creation of the Empire (31 BC), up until AD 229. The entire period covered by Dio's work is approximately 1,400 years. Of the 80 books, written over 22 years, many survive into the modern age, intact, or as fragments, providing modern scholars with a detailed perspective on Roman history.
==Biography==
Dio was the son of Cassius Apronianus, a Roman senator, and he was born and raised at Nicaea in Bithynia. Byzantine tradition maintains that Dio's mother was the daughter or sister of the Greek orator and philosopher, Dio Chrysostom; however, this relationship has been disputed. Lucius is often identified as Dio's ''praenomen'', but a Macedonian inscription, published in 1970, reveals the abbreviation, "Cl.", presumably Claudius.〔Gowing, who adopts it; Claudius, however, is usually a ''nomen''.〕 Although Dio was a Roman citizen, he wrote in Greek. Dio always maintained a love for his hometown of Nicaea, calling it "his home", as opposed to his description of his villa in Italy ("my residence in Italy").
For the greater part of his life, Dio was a member of the public service. He was a senator under Commodus and governor of Smyrna following the death of Septimius Severus; he became a suffect consul in approximately the year 205. Dio was also Proconsul in Africa and Pannonia. Severus Alexander held Dio in the highest esteem and reappointed him to the position of consul, even though his caustic nature irritated the Praetorian Guards, who demanded his life. Following his second consulship, while in his later years, Dio returned to his native country, where he eventually died.
Dio was either the grandfather or great-grandfather of Cassius Dio, the Roman consul in 291.〔Martindale, J. R.; Jones, A. H. M, ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Vol. I AD 260-395, Cambridge University Press (1971), pg. 253〕
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